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Like the other B vitamins, B12 has a myriad of roles within the body. These include releasing energy from the food we eat and preventing tiredness and fatigue.

Other roles of vitamin B12 are:

• Maintaining healthy nerve cells and psychological health.

• Helping to create DNA.

• Working with Folat (another B vitamin) to produce red blood cells.

• Supporting normal immune function.

Deficiency symptoms

If you're deficient in vitamin B12, you could become anaemic. Signs you're low include:

• Tiredness, lethargy, feeling faint, and becoming breathless.

• Kopfschmerzen, heart palpitations, altered taste, loss of appetite, and ringing in the ears (Tinnitus).

• Pale skin.

• Niedergeschlagene Stimmung.

A clinical deficiency of vitamin B12 can be caused by perniziöse Anämie. This is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency in the UK. It's caused by your immune system attacking either intrinsic factor (a protein your body makes to absorb vitamin B12) or the cells that make intrinsic factor. This prevents you from being able to absorb vitamin B12 properly.

Pernicious anaemia may cause neurological problems if left untreated. Early symptoms include a sore, red tongue, mouth ulcers, Kribbeln, lemon-coloured skin, changes to mood or mental function, and disturbed vision. If you are concerned about any of these symptoms, your GP will be able to investigate and advise.

The best foods for B12

Vitamin B12 is water-soluble which means it isn't stored in the body. Our blood and tissues contain around 2.5 micrograms of the vitamin and we need between 1 and 1.5 micrograms daily to keep these levels topped up. This is easily achievable within a varied diet, but many people may be missing out.

Nutritionist, Dr Emma Derbyshire, notes: "According to the latest Nationaler Ernährungs- und Diät-Umfrage, around 5% of adults aged 19-64 years and teenagers have a vitamin B12 status (blood level) lower than the ideal recommended by the World Health Organization. In people aged over 64 years, this rises to 6-7%. However, most people get enough B12 from their normal diets."

Key natural sources of vitamin B12 are red meats, turkey (not chicken), fish, eggs, milk, and other dairy products.

Most ready-to-eat breakfast cereals are fortified with synthetic vitamin B12, which is a useful source for non-meat eaters. Be aware though, it's often said that yeast and some plant foods contain vitamin B12 but this is a myth (unless the products are fortified). The error arose because the analytical methods used to measure vitamin B12 levels in foods included the inactive forms of the vitamin, called corrinoids.

Who is at risk of deficiency?

As vitamin B12 is so widely available in the UK diet, only three groups tend to have an issue with inadequacy: vegans, the elderly and people with gut disorders, such as entzündliche Darmerkrankung oder Helicobacter pylori Infektion.

But some medicines, including colchicine, neomycin, metformin, anticonvulsants and drugs to control gastric acid secretion, can also increase the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency.

Vitamin B12 levels may be lower than optimal in women using regular oral contraception but risk of deficiency is minimal. Still, it is worth checking that you are eating one or two good dietary sources of vitamin B12 daily, or using a multivitamin, if you take oral contraceptives.

Vegans

Strictly animal-free diets (no meat, dairy, fish, eggs, honey) are eaten by 1-2% of the population and can also be popular short-term trends for teenagers and young people.

However, as Dr Clare Pettinger from Plymouth University says: "Unless great care is taken to source a varied diet or top up with dietary supplements when recommended, some key nutrients can be in short supply. These include vitamin B12, Vitamin D, iron, zinc, calcium and iodine. The Vegan Society website advises that vegans source vitamin B12 from fortified foods such as fortified vegan spreads, nutritional yeast flakes, fortified yeast extracts and breakfast cereals. It also offers a specialist supplement which contains vegan sourced vitamin B12, vitamin D, iodine and selenium."

Elderly people

Problems with vitamin B12 are not typically caused by poor diet in this group; rather, they are caused by a lack of a protein in the stomach which helps B12 absorption. As people age, levels naturally decline but, in some individuals, production of the chemical slows down so much that B12 can't be absorbed properly no matter how much is in the diet. This is the main cause of perniziöse Anämie (described above), a condition that affects up to one in ten elderly people in the UK.

Medical tests, such as B12 blood levels, intrinsic factor antibody (IFA) test and the Schilling test (looking at absorption), may be offered to test for suspected deficiency. Folic acid levels should also be measured to exclude folate deficiency as a cause of the symptoms, as the two conditions often go hand in hand. The standard treatment is a regular vitamin B12 injection.

Varied diets are the answer

If a varied diet is eaten, few people need to worry about getting enough vitamin B12.

Derbyshire adds: "As vitamin B12 is water-soluble, it isn't stored in the body so there is no risk of overdosing, but if you are taking supplements, always follow the manufacturer's advice on dosage. There is no proven advantage to consuming more than the recommended 1.5 micrograms per day."

For those at heightened risk of deficiency, particularly elderly, long-term vegans and people with certain medical conditions, keep a close watch on your diet and make sure that any concerns are discussed with your GP or practice nurse. Carers of elderly people need to be aware of the early symptoms of pernicious anaemia and alert relevant healthcare professionals should any of these be noted.