Der Bericht follows a national survey of public understanding and practice of hygiene, finding that there are key misconceptions which could be putting health at risk. Of the people surveyed, almost one in four (23%) believe that hygiene in the home is not important. Contrastingly, 36% of the public believe that dirt is usually or always harmful, despite there being little evidence to show that outdoor dirt is contaminated with harmful microbes, except when there are animals nearby.

Lisa Ackerley, Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH) trustee and food hygiene expert, says that spending time outdoors and playing with friends and pets is good for developing a healthy microbiome through exposure to good bacteria. However, she believes that a push for better hygiene is crucial to prevent outbreaks of bacteria and viruses such as the recent listeria outbreak.

"Good hygiene in the home and everyday life helps to reduce infections, is vitally important to protecting our children and reducing pressure on the NHS, and has a huge role to play in the battle against Antibiotikaresistenz," she says.

Men were consistently more likely than women to say that unhygienic behaviour had little or no risk to health, as well as less likely to practise good hygiene like washing hands after sneezing. 16% of men surveyed believed that there was little or no risk associated with not using soap when washing hands, contrasted with 7% of women. 8% of men also thought this applied after handling raw meat, double the proportion of women who thought the same.

Poor hygiene practice was exhibited across the board, with 22% of respondents saying that they never wash and dry dish towels between use and one in five people saying that they never wash towels or bed linen at 60° or above. However, the RSPH suggested that this is due to lack of understanding of the hygiene risk of these practices as almost half said that not washing towels and bed linen at high temperatures was low risk.

The report found that people thought that cleaning areas of the house like the toilet and floors was very important because of the likelihood of harmful microbes being found there. The RSPH said that it was more important for the public to understand that removing microbes from areas where transmission is likely is more important to health than removing them from areas where they may exist but are unlikely to be spread like toilet bowls and floors. They are now calling for schools to teach this method of 'targeted hygiene' in the PSHE curriculum and for manufacturers to help people understand it through better labelling on products.

Professor Sally Bloomfield of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and chairman of the International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene commented that: "The problem is that we have become confused about what hygiene is, and how it differs from cleanliness. Whereas cleaning means removing dirt and microbes, hygiene means cleaning in the places and times that matter - in the right way - to break the chain of infection whilst preparing food, using the toilet, caring for pets etc."

She emphasises the need for a combined effort from health providers and the public to fight antimicrobial resistance. "Targeted hygiene offers a lifestyle which maximises protection at times when we risk exposure to harmful microbes, but at the same time maximises ongoing interaction with microbial friends from human, animal and natural environments."