Best before date: how long is food actually good for?

What is a best before date?

In the UK, we throw out more than 6.5 million tonnes of food in our household waste each year¹, yet much of this food is still safe for us to eat. Food labelling confusion around best before dates and use by dates plays a part in this preventable food waste problem.

Best before dates are an indicator of quality. If you eat a product after this date, you may find it has lost some of its desired flavour, texture, or colour.

These dates are there to help you eat foods while they're at their most fresh and delicious - but they're not there to tell you they're unsafe to consume after the date passes.

Yet, the presence of a best before date on food labels encourages the waste of perfectly edible and safe food. If we can better understand date labelling on food products, we can help improve both environmental and public health.

How are best before dates determined?

Emily Broad Leib is a professor of law and faculty director of the Harvard Law School Food Law and Policy Clinic. She says that many countries have no standardising laws for food labels, leaving manufacturers to their own devices.

This ultimately means more confusion - different companies use various quality-based methods to determine their best before dates, and also use different phrases on packaging for consumers to interpret.

"The UK, however, is a global best practice². They standardised and clarified their date labelling requirements to align with standards endorsed by the Codex Alimentarius, the United Nation's (UN) internationally recognised code of practice," adds Broad Leib.

We can choose to eat a food item after it's best before date - so long as not past its use by date and we've followed its storage instructions.

You won't always find both dates on one food product. This is because manufacturers are only required to add a use by date on highly perishable items - foods that spoil relatively easily and quickly. Likewise, best before dates are mainly found on less perishable items.

The rising costs of goods and services in the UK and fall in disposable income - known as the cost of living crisis - endangers public health in several ways. In one 2022 survey³, around one third of respondents admitted to having eaten food past its use by date in order to save money on food spending.

Eating expired food risks illness. Every year, around 2.4 million people experience Lebensmittelvergiftung in the UK⁴.

Food poisoning symptoms include:

• Erbrechen.

• Durchfall.

• Übelkeit.

• Stomach pain.

• Chills and fever.

Some expired foods develop dangerous bacteria that can upset your stomach, potentially causing any of the above symptoms, but they may also cause muscle aches, confusion, and loss of balance.

With more families struggling to afford food and other basic services like fuel, the need for people to understand best before dates versus use by dates is more important than ever.

When the clock strikes midnight on your food label date, food doesn't suddenly deteriorate or expire. In reality, the process is more gradual, but food manufacturers have to choose a cut-off point. "There is no rule of thumb or specific timeframe we can offer," says professor Broad Leib.

This is true of the best before date and the use by date, but flexibility is not recommended with a use by date much beyond the point of having something that looks and smells normal a day or so after expiry.

So how can we use our judgement to decide how long after a best before date we can eat something while doing our bit to reduce food waste? This can be particularly tricky if no use by date is given, but there are handy tips to guide you.

1. Follow the rule of three

First things first, you need to ensure you've followed these three food safety tips:

1. Use by date - if food is fresh and has a use by date, don't exceed this date, or if it can be frozen, do so before this deadline.

2. Follow storage instructions - use air-tight containers and take note if the packaging tells you to use the item within a particular timeframe once it's been opened.

3. Label frozen foods - if freezing fresh food, write the date you froze it on the package so you can track how many weeks or months you've kept it.

2. Use your senses

"The best way to determine if a food remains good to eat is using your senses," says Broad Leib. "The UK-based consumer campaigns Love Food Hate Waste und Look, Smell, Taste, Don't Waste are great examples of empowering consumers to think critically about their food."

Zum Beispiel:

Research from US Packaging and Wrapping reveals that the top three foods we're most concerned about going bad are eggs, chicken, and milk⁵.

• Eier - an egg has gone rotten if it smells bad once cracked open. You can also test it by shaking it and listening for sloshing noises, or by placing it in water to see if it floats - both signs of a rotten egg.

• Chicken - signs of bad chicken are a foul smell and raw chicken that's become tacky rather than shiny, and grey or green rather than pale pink - although some mild colour changes are normal.

• Milch - you can tell your milk has turned if it smells bad or if it appears lumpy or thick.

3. Past its best before guide - by product

If you also follow the above steps, there are some helpful general rules for how long past a best before date you can eat something. This varies greatly by product type.

Eating safe and edible food beyond its best before date is just one of the ways we can reduce our household food waste.

Lisa Moon is president and CEO of Das Globale Netzwerk der Lebensmittelbanken. She stresses that better understanding of best before dates can help combat hunger.

"Non-perishable foods are often safe and nutritious well after their best before date and could be used to supply families struggling to eat."

Moon also believes that governments around the world should adopt date labelling laws on food that clearly differentiate quality-based dates and safety-based dates.

"It's important for governments to introduce liability protections for businesses that donate foods to food banks in good faith. An existing example is the Good Samaritan Law adopted in the US, which protects food donors, food banks, and other nonprofit recovery and distribution organisations from civil and criminal liability."

1. House of Lords library: Food waste in the UK.

2. The global Food Donation Policy Atlas: Mapping the barriers to food donation.

3. Food Standards Agency: Latest consumer survey tracks level of worry around the cost of food and its impact on food safety.

4. Food Gov UK: New UK Food Safety Network to tackle £9 billion food poisoning challenge

5. US Packaging and Wrapping: Which foods are we most concerned about going off?