Welche COVID-19-Impfstoffe und -Medikamente sind weltweit verfügbar?

In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. On 16th March, however, the first phase of a clinical trial of a COVID-19 vaccine between the National Institutes of Health and Moderna began. Here's a look at the and treatments developed so far in the ongoing fight against Coronavirus.

Welche COVID-19-Impfstoffe wurden zur Verwendung zugelassen?

Moderna-Impfstoff

In July 2020, Moderna began Dritte Phase der klinischen Studien of the COVID-19 vaccine. In November, Moderna officials berichtigt that their vaccine had achieved an effective rate of 94% in protecting against COVID-19 infection and it was announced the COVID-19 Impfstoff would be widely available in spring 2021.

In December, the US Food and Drug Administration authorised the Moderna vaccine for emergency use in individuals aged 18 and over. In the UK, the COVID-19 Impfung became the third vaccine approved for use. In May 2021, Unternehmen officials announced their vaccine was effective in clinical trials against COVID-19 in children aged 12 to 17 years.

In September 2021, Moderna announced it was developing a combination booster shot for both COVID-19 und Grippe.

Pfizer-BioNTech-Impfstoff

The pharmaceutical firm Pfizer joined forces with German biotech company BioNTech and Chinese drugmaker Fosun Pharma to develop a two-dose mRNA Impfstoff when the pandemic started.

In August 2020, company officials said the COVID-19 vaccine had produced a good response in Phase-I- und Phase-II-Studien. In November, the company ankündigte that its Impfstoff had been more than 90% effective in preventing COVID-19 infection in clinical trial participants. The UK and the USA approved the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in December.

In February, a UK Studie reported that a single dose of the Pfizer vaccine could reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19 by 70% with an 85% reduction after two doses. In October, the company announced the Impfstoff was safe and effective for children aged between five and 11 years.

AstraZeneca - Universität Oxford

In April 2020, the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca began a klinische Phase-I-Studie at the University of Oxford and follow-up trials were carried out throughout the year. The COVID-19 jab was approved for use in the UK in December.

In February 2021, AstraZeneca announced that phase three clinical trial results showed that their COVID-19 Impfstoff was 82% effective against contracting COVID-19 after 12 weeks. In the same month, the WHO approved the distribution of the AstraZeneca vaccine for emergency use worldwide.

Johnson & Johnson

In July 2020, Johnson & Johnson launched human trials for its single-dose COVID-19 vaccine after releasing details of a study in monkeys that showed the COVID-19 jab offered strong protection. In mid-November, company officials said they expected their vaccine to be ready for approval in the USA by February.

At the start of 2021, the firm announced that the vaccine was 66% effective overall against symptomatic infection, but provided greater protection against severe illness. The Johnson & Johnson vaccine was approved for use in the USA in February 2021 and in the UK in May 2021.

Sputnik V

Offiziell bekannt als Gam-COVID-Vac, ist Sputnik V ein COVID-19-Impfstoff, der vom Gamaleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Russland entwickelt wurde. Der Impfstoff wurde im August 2020 vom russischen Gesundheitsministerium zur Verwendung zugelassen, mehr als einen Monat bevor die Ergebnisse der Phase-I- und Phase-II-Studien veröffentlicht wurden und bevor die Phase-III-Studie begonnen hatte.

It was the first COVID-19 vaccine approved for use in any nation and has since been authorised for use in around 69 countries worldwide. However, it is not yet approved for use in the UK or the USA. In October 2021, the WHO said the Sputnik V Impfstoff had not yet been approved for emergency use because of missing data and legal procedures. Earlier this year, Phase-I-Studien for a single-dose vaccine called Sputnik Light began.

Sinovac und Sinopharm

Das chinesische Biopharmaunternehmen Sinovac ist hinter dem CoronaVac-Impfstoff. Im April 2020 begannen die Phase-I-Studien bei Erwachsenen. Ende August 2020 genehmigte China CoronaVac für den Notfalleinsatz zur Impfung von Hochrisikogruppen wie medizinischem Personal. Im Februar 2021 genehmigte China CoronaVac für die allgemeine Verwendung bei Erwachsenen und später auch bei Kindern. Die WHO bestätigte die Sinovac-CoronaVac-Impfung im Juni für den Notfalleinsatz.

Im April 2020 wurden klinische Studien für den Sinopharm-Impfstoff, der von einem chinesischen Staatsunternehmen hergestellt wird, genehmigt. Er wurde im Dezember 2020 in China für den Einsatz bei Erwachsenen zugelassen und im Sommer 2021 für Kinder.

Wirksamkeit gegen die Delta-Variante

Eines der größten Bedenken der Wissenschaftler war, dass die COVID-19-Impfstoffe weniger wirksam sein könnten, wenn das Virus sich signifikant verändert. Alle wurden gegen die ursprüngliche Variante des Coronavirus entwickelt. Seitdem haben wir die Alpha- und Beta-Varianten und jetzt die Delta-Variante, die in Großbritannien fast die universelle Ursache für Infektionen ist.

Reassuringly, research suggests that while vaccines offer less protection against infection with the Delta variant than with other COVID-19 strains, both the AstraZeneca and the Pfizer vaccine continue to provide excellent protection against severe illness, with Reduktionen der Hospitalisierung um 92 % bzw. 96 % after two doses.

Der Schutzgrad, den COVID-19-Impfstoffe gegen die neu aufgetretene Omikron-Variante bieten, wird derzeit dringend untersucht. Es sollte nur wenige Wochen dauern, um herauszufinden, ob geimpfte Personen vernünftige Mengen an 'neutralisierenden Antikörpern' produzieren – mit anderen Worten, ob die Antikörper, die sie produzieren, in der Lage sind, vor schweren Infektionen zu schützen.

Various medications are being used to treat COVID-19.

Dexamethason

Dexamethason, ein Steroid, ist ein Medikament zur Behandlung einer Vielzahl von Gesundheitszuständen, von schweren Hauterkrankungen bis hin zu Krupp und Autoimmunerkrankungen. Es wird jedoch in Krankenhäusern als Behandlung für schwere Fälle von COVID-19 eingesetzt.

A UK Studie published in 2020 found dexamethasone reduced death by up to a third in hospitalised patients with severe respiratory complications as a result of COVID-19 infection. Earlier this year, figures published by NHS England showed that use of the drug had saved 22,000 lives in the UK and an estimated one million worldwide.

Molnupiravir

Molnupiravir, developed by the US drug companies Merck, Sharp & Dohme and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics, is an antiviral medication used to treat people infected with COVID-19. The drug was approved for medical use in the UK in November 2021 after eine Studie gezeigt hat it reduced the risk of hospitalisation or death by about half among people at risk of severe illness.

On 26th November, the company seine Schätzung of its effectiveness against hospitalisation or death to 30% after full results of the study became available. Nonetheless, it still prevented one person from being hospitalised or dying for every 33 people treated.

The tablet will be given twice a day to patients recently diagnosed with the disease who have at least one risk factor, such as Herzerkrankungen, Fettleibigkeit or being over the age of 60. In clinical trials the pill, originally developed to treat Grippe, halbierte das Risiko einer Hospitalisierung oder des Todes.

Paxlovid

In November 2021, Pfizer berichtigt that its antiviral drug reduced the risk of hospitalisation and death from COVID-19 by 89%. In the company's study, the drug was given to vulnerable participants who were ungeimpft and experiencing mild to moderate symptoms of the disease. Pfizer is now seeking approval to distribute the medication in the USA.

Monoclonal antibodies trigger the Immunsystem to attack a virus. They are man-made proteins that act like human antibodies in the immune system.

Ronapreve

In August 2021, the UK's drug regulator approved the first monoclonal antibody treatment - Ronapreve, a combination of the two drugs casirivimab and imdevimab - for the Behandlung and prevention of acute COVID-19 bei Erwachsenen.

The COVID-19 drug is administered by injection or drip infusion and is approved for medical use in Japan, the UK, the EU and Australia. One Studie found one-off treatment with Ronapreve in COVID-19 patients with at least one risk factor reduced the outcome of death by around 70%.

Der UK’s Recovery-Studie tested Ronapreve across 9,785 patients hospitalised with COVID-19, with some receiving standard care and some standard care as well as the drug. Among patients who hadn't mounted their own antibody response to the virus, the drug cut deaths by a fifth.

Regkirona

Regdanvimab, sold under the name Regkirona, is a human monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of COVID-19. Regdanvimab wurde im November 2021 in der EU für medizinische Zwecke zugelassen.